Devices present images in a range of colors, typically by combining discrete colors. For example, combining an image's red, green, and blue (RGB) components creates a wide spectrum of colors.
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Horizontal resolution is the maximum number of individual picture elements that can be distinguished in a single scanning line. This measurement is used to characterize the horizontal video resolution corrected for the image aspect ratio, or to specify the resolution in the largest circle than can fit in a rectangular image. A 640 x 480 image would, for example, be specified as 480 horizontal lines.
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Images are exposed onto a photosensitive film that is developed. The shutter, a manual door that admits light to the film, typically controls exposure.
Charge coupled devices (CCDs) are light-sensitive silicon chips that detect electrons excited by incoming light. They contain micro circuitry that transfers a detected signal along a row of discrete picture elements or pixels, scanning the image very rapidly. CCD cameras use two-dimensional CCD arrays with many thousands of pixels.
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors operate at lower voltages than charged coupled devices (CCDs), reducing power consumption for portable applications. Analog and digital processing functions can be integrated readily onto a CMOS chip, reducing system package size and overall cost. With CMOS, each active pixel sensor cell has its own buffer amplifier and can be addressed and read individually. Commonly used cells have four transistors and a photosensing element. Each cell has a transfer gate that separates the photosensor from a capacitive floating diffusion and a reset gate between the floating diffusion and the power supply. Each cell also has a source-follower transistor to buffer the floating diffusion from readout-line capacitance, and a row-select gate to connect the cell to the readout line. All of the pixels in a column connect to a common sense-amplifier.
Charge injection devices (CIDs) are photosensitive image sensors that are often implemented with large-scale integration technologies. CIDs can be randomly addressed, read non-destructively, and sub-scanned in a small region. CIDs are also less susceptible to charge overflows from bright pixels. To capture incident light, the pixel structure is contiguous with the maximum surface. This technique is also useful for sub-pixel measurements.
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The National Television System Committee (NTSC) 525-line color television standard is used in North America and Japan. Approximately 480 lines hold image information. The remaining lines contain synchronization, time delay, and other encoded information such as closed caption text. The standard frame rate is 30 frames per second.
Phase alternate line (PAL) is a 625-line, 25-frame per second color television standard used in Europe. The phase of the color carrier is shifted 180° for each image line, making PAL less sensitive to color signal phase distortion. PAL provides lower vertical resolution than NTSC, but requires complex processing equipment.
Universal serial bus (USB) is a 4-wire, 12-Mbps serial bus for low-to-medium speed peripheral device connections to personal computers (PC), including keyboards, mice, modems, printers, joysticks, audio functions, monitor controls, etc. The USB design is standardized by the USB Implementers Forum (USBIF), an organization that includes leading companies from the computer and electronics industries. The current USB specification is USB 2.0, which supports data transfer rates of up to 480 Mbps.
IEEE 1394 or FireWire® is an interface standard adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for very fast digital data transfers such as streaming video. IEEE 1394 connectors are used to transmit and receive data among FireWire devices, and are designed to replace external high-speed peripheral connections to personal computers, including hard disks, CD-ROMs, DVDs, graphics cards, high-speed scanners, direct video, monitors, etc. Tiny, robust FireWire connectors will also become important parts of home entertainment, communication, and appliance networks. FireWire is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
RS485 is a balanced serial interface for the transmission of digital data. The advantage of a balanced signal is a greater immunity to noise. The difference between RS422 and RS485 is that RS485 can be transformed into a multi-point application.
Parallel channels can transfer more than one bit simultaneously. They connect to a computer through a parallel port. Common protocols include standard parallel port (SPP) and enhanced parallel port (EPP). Centronics connectors are standard parallel interface devices for connecting printers and other peripherals such as portable disc drives, tape backup drives, and CD-ROM players to computers.
Ethernet is a local area network (LAN) protocol that uses a bus or star typology and supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps. The Ethernet specification is the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard, which specifies the physical and lower software layers. To handle simultaneous demands, Ethernet uses carrier sense multiple access / collision detection (CSMA/CD) to monitor network traffic. This includes fast ethernet and gigabit ethernet.
Camera Link®, a registered trademark of the Automated Imaging Association, is a communication interface for vision applications. It extends the base technology of CHANNEL LINK, a chipset that supports high-speed, point-to-point data transmission.
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Saturation occurs when the light that is sensed exceeds a pixel's capacity to emit electrons. Excessive charge can bleed into adjacent pixels and cause bright spots or streaks to appear on the image, a condition known as blooming. Anti-blooming gates remove excessive charge and can significantly reduce blooming, but often at the cost of reduced sensitivity.
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Auto-lens operation is a mode in which the lens iris automatically adjusts to maintain a predetermined level of light on the image pickup device. Cameras with auto-lens mode may also provide automatic lens focusing.
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Cameras are enclosed in a protective dome made from materials such as acrylic or polycarbonate. Typically, these materials are optically corrected for accurate image capture.
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Automatic gain control (AGC) uses electronic circuitry to increase video signals in low-light conditions. This can introduce noise and, subsequently, graininess in the picture. Typically, AGC is disabled and specifications are presented with this feature turned off.
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Gamma is the nonlinear relationship between the video signal level and the subsequent image element brightness. Gamma correction compensates for this nonlinearity in order to render the image true in color while providing intensity to the original object. For the purposes of this search form, cameras that can turn Gamma correction on and off are considered to include this feature.
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Progressive scan is a CCD design that allows acquisition of both even and odd fields at the same time. Each pixel contains information from one complete frame. This technology allows high resolution without the use of a mechanical shutter. Progressive scan cameras are used for image acquisition of rapidly moving objects and accurate dimensional measurements.
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